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  2. Ontological doubling appears not just at the end of sequence of books, in Ecce Homo, where he speaks of having a privileged understanding of what constitutes health due to his tendency to become ill.  Yet, here he makes the link to shamanism that is most definitive.  Throughout his writing, however, the  doubling of the psyche also has an epistemic structure:
    To view healthier concepts and values from the standpoint of the sick, and conversely to view the secret work of the instinct of decadence out of the abundance and self-confidence of a rich life-this has been my principal experience, what I have been longest trained in. If in anything at all, it was in this that I became a master. To-day my hand is skillful; it has the knack of reversing perspectives: the first reason perhaps why a Transvaluation of all Values has been possible to me alone. [my emphasis]
    In Gay Science, Nietzsche also speaks about the basis for self-overcoming, though sinking into the depths of despair and learning to think more suspiciously about the structure of reality:
    Only great pain, the long, slow pain that takes its time—on which we are burned, as it were, with green wood—compels us philosophers to descend into our ultimate depths and to put aside all trust, everything good-natured, everything that would interpose a veil, that is mild, that is medium—things in which formerly we may have found our humanity. I doubt that such pain makes us “better”; but I know that it makes us more profound.
    Such a descent into pain, along with exercises in mistrust of how things appear to be,  make a thinker more profound.  We become more profound because we become suspicious of what we used to “know”
    – i.e. “things in which formerly we may have found our humanity”. One, in effect, sinks to the underworld and then comes up transformed.
    This is one direction of the Nietzschean dialectic:  the underworld of experience in relation to normal life. Nietzsche points out in Ecce Homo that dialectics are a sign of decadence, but nonetheless a person who is healthy overall turns even injury into an experience for learning. This is as per the historically recurrent motif of “shamanic wounding” — but one must be strong enough to begin with for any suffering to be able to yield genuine insights, rather than merely pathological notions about the world.
    If this “down-going” or “going under” relates to an age-long shamanic notion of the underworld, there are other “worlds” of experience to be explores.   A middle level of experience comprises the everyday world — and in shamanic terminology, there is also a realm of the heights.   To reach one’s inner heights, one transcends oneself.  This has the structure of tactical self-doubling.  Thus Spoke Zarathustra describes the nature and meaning of self-transcendence:
    One day wilt thou see no longer thy loftiness, and see too closely thy lowliness; thy sublimity itself will frighten thee as a phantom. Thou wilt one day cry: “All is false!”
    There are feelings which seek to slay the lonesome one; if they do not succeed, then must they themselves die! But art thou capable of it—to be a murderer?
    Hast thou ever known, my brother, the word “disdain”? And the anguish of thy justice in being just to those that disdain thee?
    Thou forcest many to think differently about thee; that, charge they heavily to thine account. Thou camest nigh unto them, and yet wentest past: for that they never forgive thee.
    Thou goest beyond them: but the higher thou risest, the smaller doth the eye of envy see thee. Most of all, however, is the flying one hated. [Emphasis mine].
    Self-transcendence is fraught, as it involves being aware of the contemptible aspects of one’s self and moving above those cowardly elements.   Consciousness is thus doubled in the process of moving between what we are and what we will to become.   This doubling implies painful self-knowledge, which nonetheless one must accept if one wishes to explore the higher realm.
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  3. This following seems to be largely my position with regard to Marechera, and indeed, with regard to myself in a way. The pre-industrial context that Marechera and I found ourselves in (and I wonder, perhaps this was less so for the white males of our culture?) led to individuated personalities which were, however, not premised on an Oedipal development and resolution very much. In fact, I would say that I developed an Oedipal condition rather late indeed, upon adaptation to migration, and then promptly undid it as I didn't like the feeling it gave me, of being trapped.

    My father rarely made sense ,  so I did not attribute many insights to him, but he has mentioned, once, how after I turned three he was called up for military service and, upon his return, he had "lost touch with me" and in his view, our relationship was never the same. So perhaps this is also part of the basis for my lack of Oedipal conditioning. In any case, Marechera, too was without a father after the age of 11. Mike was without one after the age of 5. This is the character structure that I can most relate to, which makes sense to me.


    *****************



    Critics have always emphasized that the basic experience of Malte [of Rilke's novel], the 28-year-old artistocratic Dane who comes to Paris with artistic and intellectual aspirations and begins to record his life crisis in his notebooks, is one of ego-loss, deindividualization, and alienation. Often this disintegration of the ego is attributed to Malte's city experiences alone, and his childhood, which also features dissolutions of self, is said merely to foreshadow, to anticipate the later experiences. Not only is such a narra-teleological account not tenable, oblivious as it is to the much more complex narrative structure of the novel and to the always problematic "inmixture" of past and present in narration, but the very thesis of disintegration of self, of Ent-ichung, actually presupposes a stable self, a structured ego, a personality in the sense of bourgeois culture and ego psychology that could then show symptoms of disintegration under the impact of the experience of the modern city. What if Malte has never fully developed such a stable ego? What if, to put it in Freudian terms, the id/ego/superego structure, which after all is not a natural given but contingent on historical change, had never fully taken hold in Malte so that all the talk of its disintegration was simply beside the point? What if the fixation on the ego, which the late Freud has in common with traditional non-psychoanalytic notions of self, identity, and subjectivity, was simply not applicable to Malte? What if Malte represented a figuration of subjectivity that eludes Freud's theory of the structure of the pyschic apparatus and that cannot be subsumed under Freud's account of the oedipal? Perhaps we need an entirely different psychoanalytic account for what has usually been described as disintegration of self and loss of ego in Rilke's novel.



     ( p 109, Andreas Huyssen, Twilight Memories: Marking time in a culture of amnesia.)
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  4. Is the individual under erasure, in contemporary modernity?
    Cf. http://www.madinamerica.com/2013/08/societies-little-coercion-little-mental-illness/
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  5. Shamans have the kind of experiential self knowledge that makes their passions servants to the shaman’s will, rather than aspects of the self that are dangerously unknown or unpredictable. The shaman, therefore, is master of him or herself. Neither society nor his or her emotions are master.
    The shaman’s mastery is equivalent to radical non-conformity in terms of taking up a fixed and formal social role. The role of superego as agent of social conformity is radically subverted by the shaman’s very being. From an uninformed onlooker’s perspective, this mode of existence, shamanism, goes against the grain of conventional assumptions concerning the possible. The shaman, perversely enough, is no particular social subject, but may change his or her identity at will, according to whim and the imagination. The shaman’s very existence is definitively scandalous – it offends the sense of social norms, as something that ought not to be, as an offence against our socialised conceptions of the possible. Nonetheless Marechera was never more a shaman than, in his ordinary life,when he adorned himself with myriads of cameras to become, in turn, his own idea of a Fleet Street photographer, an old woman, and finally a hunter. (p 225).
    The scandalous nature of the shaman attacks our formalised (and indeed often reified) visions of what society ought to be like. As observers of the practice we may too easily be led astray by our emotions and their powers of persuasion, to the point of denying the very possibility of shamanic being. Our cognitive dissonance in the face of superego pressure to conform overwhelms us. Consequently, we believe that there is either normative society or there is madness, but that there is no third category of shamanism – there is no mode of being that evades the necessity of social conformity without being driven completely mad. Yet, the mode of being that is shamanism is a state of having conquered the demands of superego through facing death. Viewed in Hegelian terms, the bondsman is unfree because he is afraid to face death. The shaman, however, is one whose very being is defined by having entered the realm of death. By facing death, he has made himself free of societal constraints – the primary one being the socialising force of superego. Thus the shaman’s identity is not held in place by societal expectations, but by the tranformative force of his own will. That the shamanistic mode of being can look like social death from a spectator’s point of view doesn’t add up to a practical negation of his being. The shaman’s relationship to death is ongoing and dialectical – the negation of his formalised social being fuels his imagination, which stands as a dialectial opposite to the nature and conditions of a fixed state of social being. The shaman’s relationship to normal, conventional society is in the relationship of scandal to a fixed standard of morality.
    In the choreodrama, “Portrait of a Black Artist in London,” Marechera invites us to view him in terms of scandal. The choreodrama opposes, with great psychological violence, the formal identity of the black man; the “negro”. It counterposes to this state of being an opposite force, which has as its principle the destruction of the aforementioned public state of identity:
    I said take a walk through the mind of negro
    Like everything human it’s not a pleasant sight
    I cannot meet you there only in the grey area of the mindless
    The one they quaintly call the anarchist cookbook ( p 267)
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  6. That which is primeval in the character structure can be brought to a condition of being quite familiar to the higher mind.  When this happens, the higher part no longer has to fear it as much.  Don’t get me wrong – I am not talking about taming or the kind of familiarity that breeds contempt.  Rather, consider a surfer who wants to ride a 30 ft wave.  He or she will start with smaller waves, then moving to higher ones.   The purpose is to learn to move with the wave, to harness its energy as one own, and not to go under.

    I think Nietzsche and Bataille were both aware of the tiered layer of the psyche.  They were not trying to promote animalism or degeneration of the higher mind.  That is a caricature of their position, which in the case of Bataille  I have seen at times given the term, “left fascism”.   You see, people fear that the passions will start to predominate over reason and this will be an expression of fascism.

    The opposite may be true, in that when we deny the power of the passions, we embrace a regimented order that in some ways approximates fascism.

    It’s not that I think everybody has to become big wave surfers or riders of wild stallions.   Some people do and others don’t.   I had to do so, because I had so much buried violence in me.   I had to bring into a greater awareness and interactive relationship that which was in danger of destroying me otherwise.   I had to go forth and meet the danger.

    Now, I realize other people do not need to do that to nearly the same extent.   Some people don’t have this measure of violence already in them that they need to confront and learn to work with (but never exactly to “tame”).   I had it in abundance, partly genetically, and partly because I had been touched by an actual war.   So Nietzsche and Bataille were appropriate allies for me, helping me to come to terms with the deeper layers of my self.   I am also aware that other people read them in totally different ways, not understanding that they provide an instruction manual for riding big waves.   They don’t have the same internal needs as I, so they see a lot of the writing as gratuitous, whereas I see all of it as necessary and precise.

    Putting it a different way, my path to emancipation necessarily had to be different from the path others will take.   I have to keep approaching the wilderness within myself, or otherwise I lose emotional valency.  My higher mind is exceedingly strong and rarely in danger of disintegrating, so I have never had cause to fear that it would not rebuild itself, should it have to do so.

    All appearances aside, I am prone to being entirely dominated by the higher mind.   Should I allow this to happen, I will become schizoid, regimented and retiring.  It is, in fact, the higher mind that is a basic threat to my sanity, which requires modulating.   By “higher mind”,  don’t mean reason, exactly, but authoritarianism.    My social conditioning, from a very early age, was quite authoritarianism, compared to what people experience today.  I have this to thank for the fact that I have a very, very militarized external shell.   (And, as I have said to you, my psyche is in a way, back-to-front compared to most people, since MY potential fascism stems from the control center of my higher mind.   In fact, if someone aggravates me violently and for a long enough time, I am quite capable of becoming a killer.   I have enough external self-control to do just about anything.)

    Bataille and Nietzsche are softening effects for me.   They don’t turn me into a fascist, but teach me how to take pleasure in myself in a way that prevents me from directing my negative energies outwardly onto others.   I keep them inward and enjoy them for myself.

    My path to peace is different from others’ though, and it leads to lots of misunderstandings, especially when people imagine that my higher mind is in danger from my lower mind, as if it really were not very much stronger than these lower forces, in almost every way.

    Genetic nature and social conditioning obviously have a lot to do with these differences, as I have noted.   Also there is the vexing issue of gender, since I seem to be aligned with the masculine side of things, in the traditional order, which ought not to be possible

    I really don’t do anything “on purpose”, such as choose a gender identity or try to align myself with something wild so as to appear cool.   I have to follow a particular structure of meaning that has nothing to do with personal choice, just something discovered.

    In any case, what is real and what appears to be real in my case is generally, if not always, misaligned.   I am, actually, being exceedingly moral when I try to engage with my primeval self rather than leave it to its own devices.  When I assert that I do not “choose” my state of being, this is also far from being, as some might think, an admission of failure.   I am very good at managing myself.   Also, others should be grateful when I don’t see myself as being in any way similar to them – this means I leave them alone, which sometimes is the best they can hope for.


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  9. Japanese Dinosaur Prank Would Have Given Us A Heart Attack (VIDEO)
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  10. Addendum:


    You might consider whether taking Christianity seriously doesn't engender mental illiness as almost a matter of course.   The principles of selflessness lead to an exaggerated emphasis on the self, because a person cannot be without an ego center and still retain balance.  Christian asceticism, similarly, tends to provoke lapses of extreme lasciviousness.   The oscillation between two states of being is the desperate response of a mind and body put at odds with itself.   Madness is highly likely.   But if one can manage to purge the principles of Christian metaphysics within oneself, one might not be so mad after all.
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